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Ireland, an island in north-west Europe, has an area of 32,595 square miles.  At its greatest it is 302 miles long and 171 miles wide and consists of a central lowland surrounded by a broken range of hills and small mountains. The climate is mild on...

A short, humorous, and often nonsensical verse of five lines that have a particular pattern of rhyme (aabba) and rhyme. Lines 1, 2, and 5 are of three feet and rhyme, and line 3 and 4 are of two feet and rhyme. The rhythm is...

One, two, or three concrete walls usually surrounding the summit of a hill. Too extensive for permanent fortification, the area enclosed may have served as temporary refuge or for annual folk gatherings. Most were erected in the last dozen pre-Christian centuries. Dotted across Ireland See them on...

A Family of brewers.  In 1756 Arthur Guinness (1725-1803) established a brewery in Leixlip, County Kildare, which he moved to Dublin in 1759. The business grew under his son Arthur (1767-1855) and grandson Benjamin (1798-1868), who developed export markets in the United States and Europe. Sir Benjamin's sons,...

Natural springs, found throughout Ireland and other Celtic countries. Before Christianity, gthese springs were dedicated to female deities, representitives of the local earth mother deities. Holy wells are an example of how Christianity became superimposed on local pagan customs and beliefs of the pre-Christian Celtic...