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One, two, or three concrete walls usually surrounding the summit of a hill. Too extensive for permanent fortification, the area enclosed may have served as temporary refuge or for annual folk gatherings. Most were erected in the last dozen pre-Christian centuries. Dotted across Ireland See them on...

A Family of brewers.  In 1756 Arthur Guinness (1725-1803) established a brewery in Leixlip, County Kildare, which he moved to Dublin in 1759. The business grew under his son Arthur (1767-1855) and grandson Benjamin (1798-1868), who developed export markets in the United States and Europe. Sir Benjamin's sons,...

Natural springs, found throughout Ireland and other Celtic countries. Before Christianity, gthese springs were dedicated to female deities, representitives of the local earth mother deities. Holy wells are an example of how Christianity became superimposed on local pagan customs and beliefs of the pre-Christian Celtic...

During the Williamite War, on April 18, 1690, Derry (Londonderry) locked out James 2 with cries of " No surrender!" thus beginning the siege. Major Baker (replaced after his death by John Mitchelbourne) and Reverend Walker took over the command of the thirty thousand civilians, mostly...